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Behaviour of self-centring shear walls——A state of the art review

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第1期   页码 53-77 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0850-0

摘要： The application of unbonded post-tensioning (PT) in structural walls has led to the development of advanced self-centring (rocking) shear wall systems that has significant advantages, including accelerated construction due to the incorporation of prefabricated elements and segmental construction for different materials (e.g., concrete, masonry, and timber), reduced residual drifts, and little damage upon extreme seismic and wind loads. Concrete, masonry, and timber are often used for the construction of unbonded PT structural wall systems. Despite extensive research since the 1980s, there are no well-established design guidelines available on the shear wall configuration with the required energy dissipation system, joint’s locations and acceptance criteria for shear sliding, confinement, seismic performance factors, PT loss, PT force range and residual drifts of shear walls subjected to lateral loads. In this research a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review was performed on self-centring shear wall system. An extensive study was carried out to collect a database of 100 concrete, masonry, and self-centring shear wall tests from the literature. The established database was then used to review shear walls’ configurations, material, and components to benchmark requirements applicable for design purposes. The behaviour of concrete, masonry and timber shear walls were compared and critically analysed. The general behaviour, force-displacement performance of the walls, ductility, and seismic response factors, were critically reviewed and analysed for different self-centring wall systems to understand the effect of different parameters including configurations of the walls, material used for construction of the wall (concrete, masonry, timber) and axial stress ratio. The outcome of this research can be used to better understand the behaviour of self-centring wall system in order to develop design guidelines for such walls.

关键词： self-centring shear walls     rocking walls     energy dissipation     seismic performance factors     PT loss     residual drift    

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Modeling of shear walls using finite shear connector elements based on continuum plasticity

Ulf Arne GIRHAMMAR, Per Johan GUSTAFSSON, Bo KÄLLSNER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第2期   页码 143-157 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0377-3

摘要： Light-frame timber buildings are often stabilized against lateral loads by using diaphragm action of roofs, floors and walls. The mechanical behavior of the sheathing-to-framing joints has a significant impact on the structural performance of shear walls. Most sheathing-to-framing joints show nonlinear load-displacement characteristics with plastic behavior. This paper is focused on the finite element modeling of shear walls. The purpose is to present a new shear connector element based on the theory of continuum plasticity. The incremental load-displacement relationship is derived based on the elastic-plastic stiffness tensor including the elastic stiffness tensor, the plastic modulus, a function representing the yield criterion and a hardening rule, and function representing the plastic potential. The plastic properties are determined from experimental results obtained from testing actual connections. Load-displacement curves for shear walls are calculated using the shear connector model and they are compared with experimental and other computational results. Also, the ultimate horizontal load-carrying capacity is compared to results obtained by an analytical plastic design method. Good agreements are found.

关键词： shear walls     wall diaphragms     finite element modelling     plastic shear connector     analytical modelling     experimental comparison    

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Slender reinforced concrete shear walls with high-strength concrete boundary elements

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第1期   页码 138-151 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0897-y

摘要： Reinforced concrete structural walls are commonly used for resisting lateral forces in buildings. Owing to the advancements in the field of concrete materials over the past few decades, concrete mixes of high compressive strength, commonly referred to as high-strength concrete (HSC), have been developed. In this study, the effects of strategic placement of HSC on the performance of slender walls were examined. The finite-element model of a conventional normal-strength concrete (NSC) prototype wall was validated using test data available in extant studies. HSC was incorporated in the boundary elements of the wall to compare its performance with that of the conventional wall at different axial loads. Potential reductions in the reinforcement area and size of the boundary elements were investigated. The HSC wall exhibited improved strength and stiffness, and thereby, allowed reduction in the longitudinal reinforcement area and size of the boundary elements for the same strength of the conventional wall. Cold joints resulting from dissimilar concrete pours in the web and boundary elements of the HSC wall were modeled and their impact on behavior of the wall was examined.

关键词： slender walls     high-strength concrete     rectangular and barbell-shaped walls     cold joints    

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Self-centering steel plate shear walls for improving seismic resilience

Patricia M. CLAYTON,Daniel M. DOWDEN,Chao-Hsien LI,Jeffrey W. BERMAN,Michel BRUNEAU,Laura N. LOWES,Keh-Chuan TSAI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第3期   页码 283-290 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0344-z

摘要： As part of a Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation research project led by researchers at the University of Washington with collaborators at University at Buffalo, and Taiwan National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, a self-centering steel plate shear wall (SC-SPSW) system has been developed to achieve enhanced seismic performance objectives, including recentering. The SC-SPSW consists of thin steel infill panels, referred to as web plates that serve as the primary lateral load-resisting and energy dissipating element of the system. Post-tensioned (PT) beam-to-column connections provide system recentering capabilities. A performance-based design procedure has been developed for the SC-SPSW, and a series of nonlinear response history analyses have been conducted to verify intended seismic performance at multiple hazard levels. Quasi-static subassembly tests, quasi-static and shake table tests of scaled three-story specimens, and pseudo-dynamic tests of two full-scale two-story SC-SPSWs have been conducted. As a culmination of this multi-year, multi-institutional project, this paper will present an overview of the SC-SPSW numerical and experimental research programs. This paper will also discuss innovative PT connection and web plate designs that were investigated to improve constructability, resilience, and seismic performance and that can be applied to other self-centering and steel plate shear wall systems.

关键词： self-centering     steel plate shear walls     large-scale experiment     post-tensioned connections     performance-based design    

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Lateral shear performance of sheathed post-and-beam wooden structures with small panels

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》   页码 1117-1131 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0939-0

摘要： Sheathed post-and-beam wooden structures are distinct from light-wood structures. They allow for using sheathing panels that are smaller (0.91 m × 1.82 m) than standard-sized panels (1.22 m × 2.44 m or 2.44 m × 2.44 m). Evidence indicates that nail spacing and panel thickness determine the lateral capacity of the wood frame shear walls. To verify the lateral shear performance of wood frame shear walls with smaller panels, we subjected 13 shear walls, measuring 0.91 m in width and 2.925 m in height, to a low-cycle cyclic loading test with three kinds of nail spacing and three panel thicknesses. A nonlinear numerical simulation analysis of the wall was conducted using ABAQUS finite element (FE) software, where a custom nonlinear spring element was used to simulate the sheathing-frame connection. The results indicate that the hysteretic performance of the walls was mainly determined by the hysteretic performance of the sheathing-frame connection. When same nail specifications were adopted, the stiffness and bearing capacity of the walls were inversely related to the nail spacing and directly related to the panel thickness. The shear wall remained in the elastic stage when the drift was 1/250 rad and ductility coefficients were all greater than 2.5, which satisfied the deformation requirements of residential structures. Based on the test and FE analysis results, the shear strength of the post-and-beam wooden structures with sheathed walls was determined.

关键词： post-and-beam wooden structures with sheathed walls     low reversed cyclic loading     bearing capacity     stiffness     numerical simulation    

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Mechanical properties characterization of different types of masonry infill walls

André FURTADO, Hugo RODRIGUES, António ARÊDE, Humberto VARUM

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第2期   页码 411-434 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0602-y

摘要： It is remarkable, the recent advances concerning the development of numerical modeling frameworks to simulate the infill panels’ seismic behavior. However, there is a lack of experimental data of their mechanical properties, which are of full importance to calibrate the numerical models. The primary objective of this paper is to present an extensive experimental campaign of mechanical characterization tests of infill masonry walls made with three different types of masonry units: lightweight vertical hollow concrete blocks and hollow clay bricks. Four different types of experimental tests were carried out, namely: compression strength tests, diagonal tensile strength tests, and flexural strength tests parallel and perpendicular to the horizontal bed joints. A total amount of 80 tests were carried out and are reported in the present paper. The second objective of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of as-built and existing infill walls. The results presented and discussed herein, will be in terms of strain-stress curves and damages observed within the tests. It was observed a fragile behavior in the panels made with hollow clay horizontal bricks, without propagation of cracks. The plaster increased the flexural strength by 57%.

关键词： masonry infill walls     experimental characterization     compression strength     shear diagonal strength     flexural strength    

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Self-centring segmental retaining walls—A new construction system for retaining walls

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期   页码 980-1000 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0737-5

摘要： This paper reports on an experimental study on a new self-centring retaining wall system. Four post-tensioned segmental retaining walls (PSRWs) were experimentally tested. Each of the walls was constructed using seven T-shaped concrete segments with a dry stack. The walls were tested under incrementally increasing cyclic lateral load. The effect of the wall height, levels of post-tensioning (PT) force, and bonded versus unbonded condition of PT reinforcement on the structural behavior of the PSRWs was investigated. The results showed that such PSRWs are structurally adequate for water retaining structures. According to the results, increasing the wall height decreases initial strength but increases the deformation capacity of the wall. The larger deformation capacity and ductility of PSRW make it a suitable structural system for fluctuating loads or deformation, e.g., seawall. It was also found that increasing the PT force increases the wall’s stiffness; however, reduces its ductility. The residual drift and the extent of damage of the unbonded PSRWs were significantly smaller than those of the bonded ones. Results suggest that this newly developed self-centring retaining wall can be a suitable structural system to retain lateral loads. Due to its unique deformation capacity and self-centring behavior, it can potentially be used for seawall application.

关键词： retaining wall     segmental     precast concrete     unbonded post-tensioning     water retaining wall     seawall    

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Experiment and calculation on seismic behavior of RC composite core walls with concealed steel truss

Wanlin CAO , Weihua CHANG , Changjun ZHAO , Jianwei ZHANG ,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第3期   页码 255-261 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0043-0

摘要： To improve the seismic performance of reinforced concrete core walls, reinforced concrete composite core walls with concealed steel truss were proposed and systemically investigated. Two 1/6 scale core wall specimens, including a normal reinforced concrete core wall and a reinforced concrete composite core wall with concealed steel truss, were designed. The experimental study on seismic performance under cyclic loading was carried out. The load-carrying capacity, stiffness, ductility, hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation of the core walls were discussed. The test results showed that the seismic performance of core walls is improved greatly by the concealed steel truss. The calculated results were found to agree well with the actual measured ones.

关键词： reinforced concrete     steel truss     core walls     seismic performance    

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Seismic effects on reinforcement load and lateral deformation of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期   页码 1001-1015 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0734-8

摘要： Current design methods for the internal stability of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls postulate seismic forces as inertial forces, leading to pseudo-static analyses based on active earth pressure theory, which yields unconservative reinforcement loads required for seismic stability. Most seismic analyses are limited to the determination of maximum reinforcement strength. This study aimed to calculate the distribution of the reinforcement load and connection strength required for each layer of the seismic GRS wall. Using the top-down procedure involves all of the possible failure surfaces for the seismic analyses of the GRS wall and then obtains the reinforcement load distribution for the limit state. The distributions are used to determine the required connection strength and to approximately assess the facing lateral deformation. For sufficient pullout resistance to be provided by each reinforcement, the maximum required tensile resistance is identical to the results based on the Mononobe–Okabe method. However, short reinforcement results in greater tensile resistances in the mid and lower layers as evinced by compound failure frequently occurring in GRS walls during an earthquake. Parametric studies involving backfill friction angle, reinforcement length, vertical seismic acceleration, and secondary reinforcement are conducted to investigate seismic impacts on the stability and lateral deformation of GRS walls.

关键词： geosynthetics     reinforced soil     retaining walls     seismic performance    

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Effect of earth reinforcement, soil properties and wall properties on bridge MSE walls

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第5期   页码 1209-1221 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0764-2

摘要： Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining walls are popular for highway bridge structures. They have precast concrete panels attached to earth reinforcement. The panels are designed to have some lateral movement. However, in some cases, excessive movement and even complete dislocation of the panels have been observed. In this study, 3-D numerical modeling involving an existing MSE wall was undertaken to investigate various wall parameters. The effects of pore pressure, soil cohesion, earth reinforcement type and length, breakage/slippage of reinforcement and concrete strength, were examined. Results showed that the wall movement is affected by soil pore pressure and reinforcement integrity and length, and unaffected by concrete strength. Soil cohesion has a minor effect, while the movement increased by 13–20 mm for flexible geogrid reinforced walls compared with the steel grid walls. The steel grid stresses were below yielding, while the geogrid experienced significant stresses without rupture. Geogrid reinforcement may be used taking account of slippage resistance and wall movement. If steel grid is used, non-cohesive soil is recommended to minimize corrosion. Proper soil drainage is important for control of pore pressure.

关键词： mechanically stabilized earth walls     precast concrete panels     backfill soil     finite element modeling     earth reinforcement    

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Recent advances in geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls for highway applications

Jie HAN, Yan JIANG, Chao XU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第2期   页码 239-247 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0424-8

摘要： Geosynthetic-reinforced retaining (GRR) walls have been increasingly used to support roadways and bridge abutments in highway projects. In recent years, advances have been made in construction and design of GRR walls for highway applications. For example, piles have been installed inside GRR walls to support bridge abutments and sound barrier walls. Geosynthetic layers at closer spacing are used in GRR walls to form a composite mass to support an integrated bridge system. This system is referred to as a geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS)-integrated bridge systems (IBS) or GRS-IBS. In addition, short geosynthetic layers have been used as secondary reinforcement in a GRR wall to form a hybrid GRR wall (HGRR wall) and reduce tension in primary reinforcement and facing deflections. These new technologies have improved performance of GRR walls and created more economic solutions; however, they have also created more complicated problems for analysis and design. This paper reviews recent studies on these new GRR wall systems, summarizes key results and findings including but not limited to vertical and lateral earth pressures, wall facing deflections, and strains in geosynthetic layers, discusses design aspects, and presents field applications for these new GRR wall systems.

关键词： bridge     geosynthetic     highway     reinforced     wall    

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Nonlinear numerical simulation of punching shear behavior of reinforced concrete flat slabs with shear-heads

Dan V. BOMPA, Ahmed Y. ELGHAZOULI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第2期   页码 331-356 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0596-5

摘要： This paper examines the structural response of reinforced concrete flat slabs, provided with fully-embedded shear-heads, through detailed three-dimensional nonlinear numerical simulations and parametric assessments using concrete damage plasticity models. Validations of the adopted nonlinear finite element procedures are carried out against experimental results from three test series. After gaining confidence in the ability of the numerical models to predict closely the full inelastic response and failure modes, numerical investigations are carried out in order to examine the influence of key material and geometric parameters. The results of these numerical assessments enable the identification of three modes of failure as a function of the interaction between the shear-head and surrounding concrete. Based on the findings, coupled with results from previous studies, analytical models are proposed for predicting the rotational response as well as the ultimate strength of such slab systems. Practical recommendations are also provided for the design of shear-heads in RC slabs, including the embedment length and section size. The analytical expressions proposed in this paper, based on a wide-ranging parametric assessment, are shown to offer a more reliable design approach in comparison with existing methods for all types of shear-heads, and are suitable for direct practical application.

关键词： non-linear numerical modelling     concrete damage plasticity     RC flat slabs     shear-heads     punching shear    

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Prediction of the shear wave velocity

Amoroso SARA

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第1期   页码 83-92 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0234-6

摘要： The paper examines the correlations to obtain rough estimates of the shear wave velocity from non-seismic dilatometer tests (DMT) and cone penetration tests (CPT). While the direct measurement of is obviously preferable, these correlations may turn out useful in various circumstances. The experimental results at six international research sites suggest that the DMT predictions of from the parameters (material index), (horizontal stress index), (constrained modulus) are more reliable and consistent than the CPT predictions from (cone resistance), presumably because of the availability, by DMT, of the stress history index .

关键词： horizontal stress index     shear wave velocity     flat dilatometer test     cone penetration test    

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On braced trapezoidal corrugated steel shear panels: An experimental and numerical study

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第3期   页码 396-410 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0934-5

摘要： In this study, a new system consisting of a combination of braces and steel infill panels called the braced corrugated steel shear panel (BCSSP) is presented. To obtain the hysteretic behavior of the proposed system, the quasi-static cyclic performances of two experimental specimens were first evaluated. The finite element modeling method was then verified based on the obtained experimental results. Additional numerical evaluations were carried out to investigate the effects of different parameters on the system. Subsequently, a relationship was established to estimate the buckling shear strength of the system without considering residual stresses. The results obtained from the parametric study indicate that the corrugated steel shear panel (CSSP) with the specifications of a = 30 mm, t = 2 mm, and θ = 90° had the highest energy dissipation capacity and ultimate strength while the CSSP with the specifications of a = 30 mm, t = 2 mm, and θ = 30° had the highest initial stiffness. It can thus be concluded that the latter CSSP has the best structural performance and that increasing the number of corrugations, corrugation angle, and plate thickness and decreasing the sub-panel width generally enhance the performance of CSSPs in terms of the stability of their hysteretic behaviors.

关键词： trapezoidal corrugated plate     steel shear panel     braced steel shear panel     experimental study     buckling resistance.    

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Experimental study on shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams with web horizontal reinforcement

Dong XU,Yu ZHAO,Chao LIU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第4期   页码 325-336 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0080-1

摘要： In determining the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams, current codes do not provide any calculation method to evaluate the influence of web horizontal reinforcement, although they exist as structural reinforcements (or skin reinforcement). The present paper comprises results of 11 reinforced concrete beams in an effort to investigate the influence of web horizontal reinforcement on the shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams. The primary design variables are the shear-span-depth ratio, different reinforcement ratio of stirrups and web horizontal reinforcement. Influence of web horizontal reinforcement on crack patterns and failure mode was studied. It was found that web horizontal reinforcement can increase the shear capacity of the beams and restrain growth of inclined cracks effectively. Test results are very valuable, as very few references of shear tests can be found focusing on the effect of web horizontal reinforcement on the shear capacity of the beams.

关键词： reinforced concrete beam     shear strength     web horizontal reinforcement     experiments    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Behaviour of self-centring shear walls——A state of the art review

期刊论文

Modeling of shear walls using finite shear connector elements based on continuum plasticity

Ulf Arne GIRHAMMAR, Per Johan GUSTAFSSON, Bo KÄLLSNER

期刊论文

Slender reinforced concrete shear walls with high-strength concrete boundary elements

期刊论文

Self-centering steel plate shear walls for improving seismic resilience

Patricia M. CLAYTON,Daniel M. DOWDEN,Chao-Hsien LI,Jeffrey W. BERMAN,Michel BRUNEAU,Laura N. LOWES,Keh-Chuan TSAI

期刊论文

Lateral shear performance of sheathed post-and-beam wooden structures with small panels

期刊论文

Mechanical properties characterization of different types of masonry infill walls

André FURTADO, Hugo RODRIGUES, António ARÊDE, Humberto VARUM

期刊论文

Self-centring segmental retaining walls—A new construction system for retaining walls

期刊论文

Experiment and calculation on seismic behavior of RC composite core walls with concealed steel truss

Wanlin CAO , Weihua CHANG , Changjun ZHAO , Jianwei ZHANG ,

期刊论文

Seismic effects on reinforcement load and lateral deformation of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls

期刊论文

Effect of earth reinforcement, soil properties and wall properties on bridge MSE walls

期刊论文

Recent advances in geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls for highway applications

Jie HAN, Yan JIANG, Chao XU

期刊论文

Nonlinear numerical simulation of punching shear behavior of reinforced concrete flat slabs with shear-heads

Dan V. BOMPA, Ahmed Y. ELGHAZOULI

期刊论文

Prediction of the shear wave velocity

Amoroso SARA

期刊论文

On braced trapezoidal corrugated steel shear panels: An experimental and numerical study

期刊论文

Experimental study on shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams with web horizontal reinforcement

Dong XU,Yu ZHAO,Chao LIU

期刊论文